Holmgren and Webfairy “Toilet Paper” 911 TV Fakery
by Marcus Icke
Introduction
This critique is based on Gerard Holmgren’s “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” dated 2nd October 2006 with video extracts provided by the Webfairy.
Back To Front
Holmgren begins his “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article with the following conclusion:
“The video has been broken into frames, and the quickest and easiest way to see how fake this video is…”
One would imagine that an investigative article would start with something along the lines of (1) a brief précis, (2) the presentation of information, (3) an interpretation or analysis of that information and finally (4) a conclusion drawn from the information analysed.
For some reason Holmgren has decided to waive this process in favour of a more unconvincing methodology that involves starting with the conclusion and working backwards. The act of annexing himself from any logical methodology doesn’t credit Holmgren and probably wouldn’t instill any confidence in the reader either.
Avoiding “Any Deep Analysis”
We are then guided to poor quality captures from the “Park Foreman” WTC2 strike video provided by Webfairy and told that…
“If you have your eyes and brain connected, it will be obvious without any deep analysis that this video—purported to be real footage of a real plane hitting the WTC and aired as such on CNN—is a pathetic fake. “
So “any deep analysis” is obviously out. I wonder what “any deep analysis” was and what it would have involved. Why did Holmgren chose to abandon “any deep analysis” and how did he get to the “fake” conclusion so quickly without any evidence?
The Missing Frames
The aforementioned are small points when you consider Holmgren’s primary mistake, that being the speed calculation of the “Hip Hop Plane” based on the video captures supplied by Webfairy.
“Convert this to mph. 1600 x 60 x 60 ft per hour = 5,760,000 ft per hour = 1090 mph.”
It should be obvious to Holmgren that the figure of 1090 mph cannot possibly be correct. You only have to look at the video to see this. Why is Holmgren’s speed calculation so inaccurate? It’s because the source material provided by Webfairy was defective. Webfairy’s video frames are reproduced below as a montage:
(all images in this article can be enlarged by clicking on them)
In her version the “plane” hangs in the air for one frame and advances in the next.
“A video of a real plane would show the plane moving every frame…”
This observation form Holmgren should have been the first warning that something was wrong with the video source. It wasn’t necessarily the video captures themselves that were the problem, more to the point, the lack of them.
“Then there’s the problem of how it can be doing 1090 mph in one frame and then suddenly zero in the next frame, and then 1090 again in the next frame and then zero again and then 1090 again…”
The reason Holmgren made such a mess of the speed calculation was because Webfairy supplied him with either captures from a defective video source or a sequence of captures from a genuine source with some of the original captures missing having been replaced with duplicates.
Chop Job
As it was Webfairy who had procured the video captures for Holmgren’s speed analysis I decided to quiz her by e-mail on the origins of her version of the “Park Foreman” video. Webfairy responded promptly with the following:
“It is from what we saw RIGHT AWAY, the first day, or maybe the second. It is what they showed us on TV THEN, not later when they could regenerate the animation at leisure.”
(4th October 2006)
In that case where did “Frame X” (below) come from? It does not appear in the Webfairy sequence shown previously although they appear to be from the same source – look at the text at the bottom of the frame “TWO AIRCRAFT CARRIERS” and compare it to the previous montage (above).
So according to Webfairy the video frames used in the analysis were taken from North American television either on the first showing or subsequent replays on the same day or the day after.
In North America television pictures are transmitted using the NTSC standard which pushes out approximately 60 unique images (the word “images” and the technical term “fields” are interchangeable and mean the same thing) per second. Think of this as 60 different photographs taken each second being transmitted to television viewer (the images are then packed up into “frames”, a frame consisting of 2 images, and transmitted – thus NTSC runs at approximately 30 frames per second). Similarly camcorders can record using the NTSC standard. Using this NTSC recording standard would be an obvious choice if the operator intended the recording to be broadcast using the NTSC standard.
As there is evidence that the “Park Foreman” video was recorded using the NTSC standard then when it was broadcast using that same NTSC standard the viewers should have essentially seen a facsimile of the original on their television sets, that is 60 unique images shown every second.
Webfairy claims that her version of the “Park Foreman” was taken from a North American television transmission that should have been NTSC yet it only has 15 unique images per second. The comparison source used here was the NTSC DVD called “In Memoriam - New York City 9/11/01” and it showed 60 unique images per second. This means that comparatively speaking 75% of the original visual information is absent from the Webfairy version.
I’ve illustrated this point below. Webfairy has supplied the fields marked “77/78” and “79/80”. I’ve filled in the gaps using “Frame X” from another source on the web (I could have used my own DVD version here, it didn’t matter either way) and the two remaining fields marked “Park Foreman – Brooklyn Heights” were taken from the DVD source. So in comparison to the DVD version the Webfairy version has 3 images missing to every 4 images from the DVD version.
If it were the case that North American broadcasters were showing this very strange version of the “Park Foreman” video then the situation was even more peculiar in the Britain because at roughly the same time a 25 FPS (“frames per second” - with 2 fields in each frame as the PAL standard resulting in 50 unique images per second) version was being shown with no sings of frame rate conversion.
The montage below shows captures from the PAL transmission in question. They were sourced from a VHS recording of the “Park Foreman” video that was transmitted at approximately 6:00pm on the evening of September 12th 2001 in the Britain. Each image represents 1/50th of a second as marked in white text in the top left hand corner of each capture:
Quite a difference from the Webfairy version which runs at 15 images per second presumably with plenty of duplicates to raise the frame rate to the NTSC standard implied.
Webfairy continued:
“One later version, from National Geographic's Inside 911 http://webfairy.org/inside911/jetcrash.htm features 4 unique frames and one dupe, which makes me think the footage was raised up from PAL fps to NTSC (24 to 29.995 fps).”
(4th October 2006)
The British version does look as if it has been originally recorded at 25 FPS because there is no visual evidence of any conversion from one frame rate to another.
The montage below shows one possible visual side effect of a frame rate conversion from NTSC (30 FPS approximately) to PAL (25 FPS). In the example frame merging / blending has been utilised to eliminate 5 frames from the original NTSC source thus allowing smooth playback at the PAL frame rate. Comparison between field 1 (white text below) and field 4 (red text below) should make the concept of frame merging / blending clear:
The same technique can be used to raise frame rates from PAL to NTSC but in this case extra frames are created from the merging / blending of 2 adjacent frames, the resultant frame inserted between the 2 original adjacent frames to boost the frame rate. The other way to convert frame rates is to eliminate frames (frame rate step down) or to create frames (frame rate step up) but the problem here is that the playback is not smooth making it apparent that such a conversion has taken place.
The PAL version of the “Park Foreman” detailed previously shows no obvious sign of being converted from one frame rate to another. The playback is smooth and there are no signs of frame blending / merging. Therefore one could assume that PAL was the format of choice for the original “Park Foreman” recording.
The only problem with this assumption is that it is challenged by the existence of any NTSC DVD version of what we are led to believe is precisely the same video. In this case I’ve chosen the version from “In Memoriam - New York City 9/11/01” and it is shown below as a montage of fields with a time code included:
Just like its PAL counterpart this DVD NTSC “Park Foreman” version shows no obvious signs of frame rate conversion. The playback is smooth and there’s no evidence of any frame merging / blending.
If the Webfairy version was recorded in PAL as she suggests then we should see some sign of frame rate conversion equivalent to a step up from PAL to NTSC but we don’t.
Did anyone in North America ever complain about the rough playback of the “Park Foreman” video when it was first aired? Why didn’t we see something similar in Britain? Why were British viewers presented with something that looked like an original PAL source with no signs of frame rate conversion?
Which one was the original anyway? The Webfairy version? The British PAL version? The North American NTSC version? Was there an original as such and in what form was it recorded?
It is conceivable that Webfairy unwittingly obtained an inferior version of the video (in whatever form) and assumed it was suitable for Holmgren to analyse for the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article. I find this explanation unsatisfactory as there have been plenty of good versions of the “Park Foreman” readily available since 2001 either via the Internet, video shops or mail order companies like Amazon.com. Perhaps Webfairy does have a better version of the video but due to her incompetence she failed to present it to Holmgren, which would be as bad as giving him a defective version on purpose. But the quality of some of Webfairy’s previous work makes this explanation unlikely. The error she made seems too big to be unintentional.
The Question Of Speed
“The plane is alleged to be a 767 which is about 160 ft long. A 767 has a typical cruising speed of 530 mph at 35,000 ft….A plane which normally flies about 530 mph at high altitude somehow doing double this at low altitude—while barging it’s way through a building…A plane which has a normal cruising speed of 530 mph at 35,000 ft is alleged to be travelling so fast at low altitude…”
Once again Holmgren has not proved that the video is fake. He assumes the “plane” is meant to be a Boeing 767-200 and bases his video forgery test based on that assumption. There’s no attempt to ascertain the real length of the “plane” from the video. If the “plane” was shorter or longer than 160 ft / 48.5 meters the speed calculation would be different. But how do we know the video is genuine showing a hologram of a Boeing 767-200 or a modified Boeing 767-200 designed for high speed operation at low altitudes?
Holmgren never tells us why the 530 mph speed at “lower altitude” (whatever height that refers to is anyone’s guess) would be a problem for the Boeing 767-200 aircraft. Does Holmgren assume that the reader has a sound understanding of aerodynamics and aircraft handling?
Holmgren needs to explain why the “550 mph commercial jet at sea level scenario” is at best, unlikely, if not totally impossible. Failure to make this clear would render the speed calculation meaningless for anyone who did not already know this.
I decided to calculate the speed of the “plane” in the “Park Foreman” video using field captures from the “In Memoriam - New York City 9/11/01” DVD. I’ve done the speed calculation based on the following assumptions:
1 – The recording is of a sufficient visual quality to perform a reasonably accurate speed analysis.
2 – The DVD version used is representative of the original source.
3 – The original recording was made according to the NTSC standard.
4 – The aircraft in the video is an unmodified Boeing 767-200 at 48.50 meters in overall length.
5 – The aircraft fuselage is horizontal in the camera field of view.
I’ve used the south-west corner of WTC2 as a fixed visual reference to gauge the transit of the 48.5-meter “plane” fuselage across its vertical edge and I’ve broken down the video into fields to obtain a timeframe for fuselage transit across that vertical side. With these two factors known it is possible to measure how much time has elapsed during the passing of the “plane” from nose-tip to tail-fin section and therefore calculate the speed of the “plane” relative to the WTC2 tower.
It took roughly 12 fields for the 48.5-meter fuselage to pass the vertical southwest corner of WTC2 (see field 0 and field 12 above). 12 fields equates to 0.2002 seconds so we can say that the “plane” had travelled 48.5 meters in 0.2002 seconds.
Those values convert to 242 m/s or 871 km/h or 470 knots or 540 mph or depending on your inclination.
So Holmgren’s speed calculation from the Webfairy version turned out to be quite accurate making it the only valuable piece of information in the paper.
It’s a shame he chose to halt the analysis at this point leaving the reader pondering over an unexplained 3-digit number.
The Partially Visible Non-Visible Hole
“The impact area is partially masked by a building in the foreground, but we can still see enough to see that the hole which should be in the building has not appeared.”
How is Holmgren able to see a point on the tower that relatively speaking has such inadequate illumination that one can barely see any detail on it’s surface? The Brooklyn heights photograph (below upper) highlights this. The south side of WTC2 is in relative darkness:
But the “Park Foreman” video (above lower) has an added bonus. The impact area is partially obscured by another building (as Holmgren points out) making it practically impossible to see any hole the “plane” might have created had the impact area been adequately illuminated. Additionally the video quality isn’t brilliant and the hole would only have been a few of pixels across making visual detection of any such hole very difficult.
The only part of any hole that we’d potentially be able to see would be the area where the right wing of the “plane” appears to impact against WTC2’s south wall (red arrow below) and the only evidence of this is the appearance of “dust bubbles” from the corresponding area.
The video source used here cuts out long before the explosion dies away thereby removing any chance to see any hole so I’m not quite sure what Holmgren is trying to prove with the following:
“…we can still see enough to see that the hole which should be in the building has not appeared…”
Suffice to say it means very little and makes it the most irrelevant and confused part of “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane”.
The Christian, The Madman And The Holmgren
“Firstly, we can see that there is no sign of deceleration. The last third of the plane enters in the same number of frames as the first. In a real crash of a plane into a building, assuming that the plane did enter fully inside the building, the last section would enter more slowly than the first. The deceleration wouldn’t be discernable at full speed, but the whole idea of frame-by-frame replay is that it enables us to see things like this in increments of 1/30th of a second. This is how we are able to pick real events captured on video from animations.”
As Holmgren points out the major oddities of the WTC2 strike videos are the way the “plane” vanishes inside the tower with no sign of deceleration and no deformation of the airframe during impact.
Holmgren can deliver an exceptionally convincing argument about how it would be impossible for a commercial passenger jet to punch a hole in, and vanish inside of, the WTC towers as we see in the 911 videos. Similarly a Christian could present an extremely convincing argument that proves God exists and that He created the entire universe with everything in it. No doubt a madman could develop an argument to prove that the moon was made of cheese. Unfortunately for the Christian, the Madman and Holmgren their respective arguments are arguments and nothing more.
Some readers may be already be aware of a video (see photographs below) that shows an F4 Phantom being deliberately rammed into a solid concrete block at about the same speed of the alleged 911 “planes”.
The airframe shows no noticeable deceleration during the collision and is pulverised in the process. Someone who has seen this video might counter-argue that something similar happened to the “planes” at the WTC on 911 with the debris passing inside the tower. Although that may not be a good counter-argument, it would be difficult to completely refute without some scientific expertise.
An argument is not as meaningful as a good scientific analysis no matter how convincing it is.
Plaguepuppy v The “Cat Mincer”
Holmgren’s “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article might have come closer to achieving it’s aim had it included interviews from suitably experienced and / or qualified engineers from the relevant disciplines. An obvious example of this would be Jeff King (aka Plaguepuppy) who has spoken publicly about the implausibility of the WTC “plane” impacts as we see in the videos.
Kings describes himself as:
“…a 50-something former engineer (MIT class of '74, about 10 years in electronics and electro-mechanical engineering), gainfully employed as a family physician for the past 25 years…”
And elsewhere:
“…after graduating from MIT in 1974 I went to med school at UVM in Vermont, then spent a year at the Harvard School of Public Health in the Pulmonary Physiology lab doing electrical and mechanical engineering work before deciding to do an internship and practice clinical medicine..”
Holmgren has an article on his site called “WTC Forensics” that deals with the impact physics. Here’s a quote from it:
“Think of the cartoon scene, where the cat chases the mouse through a mincer. The cat emerges from the other side still running, not realizing that its now made of a jigsaw type shapes. It keeps running for a while, and then with a look of resignation realizes that its been cut up, stops and collapses into a pile of little jigsaw type pieces.”
According to Holmgren’s website he is a professional musician. I’m guessing that in the eyes of the reader his “cat mincer” argument would not carry as much weight as an analysis provided by Jeff King.
Let me illustrate this point. Compare this transcript from Jeff King, the MIT graduate with electrical and mechanical engineering work experience…
“…what you should see is something like a squashed flat plane with probably 2 holes where the engines have gone thought the walls, but you should see a great deal of crumpling at the point where the plane is actually interacting with the surface of the steel columns. You should see the longitudinal elements of the plane buckling. You should see the wings crumple up. You should see a great deal of material either bouncing of the wall or essentially falling after impact…”
To this (complete with original capitalisation and line spacing) from Gerard Holmgren, the professional musician:
“In real life, the cat either
Gets immediately cut into pieces and ceases all co-ordinated movement as a single object, and doesn't damage the blades or Bursts through the mincer blades, breaking them or Mangles itself, stopping almost immediately and also causing significant damage to the blades.
So what we asked to believe at the WTC is a Tom and Jerry cartoon.”
Who’s description do you think the reader would find more convincing that an aeroplane cannot pass through a steel tower in the way the WTC2 impact videos show us. Holmgren’s “cat mincer” argument or King’s “squashed flat plane” description?
Morgan Reynolds has adopted a similar approach to the impact physics issue as Holmgren has with “We Have Some Holes In The Plane Stories” but his attempt is superior in that it is far more detailed, flashes a few numbers around to quantify things and has some good graphics to explain the points he makes, thereby making the subject material accessible to the reader. Had Holmgren bothered to do some research on the web he might have come across this revealing image (below) that gives a graphical representation of what King describes:
The graphic shows what should have happened to a Boeing 767 had it been flown head on into a solid object. But as we know WTC walls were not solid, they were made from a grid of steel beams that were designed to withstand aeroplane collisions. So even if this simulation were accurate it would not be entirely representative of the WTC “plane” impacts as revealed in the official version of events. But given the strength of the WTC towers what we see here is a good visual approximation of what should in the event subject to hardware and software limitations of modern computers and limitations of the computer model utilised.
Holmgren chooses not to link the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article to “We Have Some Holes In The Plane Stories” or any of Kings material even though both are freely available on the web and are far better than anything he has to offer.
What’s strange is that he won’t provide a link to his own article, “WTC Forensics”, that supposedly deals with the impact physics.
An oversight or intentional?
Straight From The Horses Mouth
Some time ago I found myself wanting to make an important update to the then “Ghost Gun UA175” article. I needed to know how fast a Boeing 767-200 could feasibly fly at sea level. I could have developed an argument for why a B767-200 couldn’t have flown at 550 mph at sea level but I’ve never flown that type of aircraft or studied its aerodynamic properties so what would be the point? My ramblings would be meaningless and it would have been dishonest to present them publicly.
Fortunately I knew an experienced airline pilot who had flown the B767-200 and B767-300 aircraft and had trained pilots to fly them. I simply knocked on his door and asked if I could talk to him about the performance limitations of the B767-200. He agreed and after the interview I had enough material to update the “Ghost Gun UA175” article. I did this because I had no knowledge of the operational limitations of the B767-200 and therefore I needed to interview someone who did.
Similarly a 911 researcher by the name of Dr Stefan Grossmann did the same thing while preparing the then forthcoming article “T-911 An Insiders On America”. He interviewed a number of engineers to find out if it were possible for a Boeing 767-200 to glide through a solid object without significant deceleration or airframe deformation. His findings were published in the “T-911 An Insiders On America” shortly after.
There was no reason for Holmgren not to do the same thing for the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article.
Perhaps informing the reader of the implausibility of what we see in the “Park Foreman” video was not on his list of priorities.
The Germania Explanation
Holmgren claims that:
“The plane in this video is a crude fake”
Most of the WTC2 videos don’t show the approach to WTC2 they just show the impact and a great deal of these seem to have been recorded using a video camera mounted on a stand making it easier to add a “plane” into the video.
Comparatively speaking the “Park Foreman” video is clever in the sense that it shows the approach and impact of a “plane” that supposedly never existed while at the same time providing camera shake, motion blur and other qualities that make the video look genuine. The “plane” as you see it is more or less the correct size, has the correct livery, the correct illumination and obeys the laws or perspective.
If we are to assume that there never was a second plane then the forger who made the “Park Foreman” would have to have set up a camera and then mimicked the camera movements to coincide with the movement of a non-existent plane as it flew towards lower Manhattan and then vanish into the WTC2 tower. This would be nigh impossible if there wasn’t some kind of object in the field of view for the camera operator to track, unless the operator new precisely when the WTC2 explosion was to taking place and the approximate speed of the non-existent plane.
One possible explanation for this effect is that the “Park Foreman” video was recorded using multiple video cameras mounted on a platform for the purposes of producing a large static panoramic view of Manhattan and the approach to lower Manhattan. The “plane” would have been added to the panoramic composite and then another recording would be made from the montage as a single false camera view tracking a computer generated aircraft. This new view would then have parallax, compression artefacts, noise, motion blur and camera shake added to it to simulate authenticity. In effect what we would be seeing is a small portion of video scanning a false aircraft from larger montage of static video recordings.
The reader might think that this explanation is far fetched, but think again because a similar method was being used in the film industry prior to 911.
Here is an example of the technique taken from the bonus disc of the extended version of Ridley Scott’s epic “Gladiator” titled “Germania Exploration”. In this case 4 camera views (below left) have been used to create a huge panoramic scene (below right). The purpose of which, amongst other things, is to allow the insertion of moving elements into the panoramic view. When the effect is complete the viewer does not see the entire vista, he or she only sees a portion of the whole view through a smaller false camera pan across the larger composited scene. This gives the illusion of a single moving camera shot with real objects moving in the environment.
I’d argue that the “Park Foreman” is one of the better fakes at least in comparison to, say for example, the “Cheney Hit” video or the “Jennifer Spell” video which is full of easily detectable flaws. The claim that “The plane in this video is a crude fake” highlights Holmgren’s poor grasp of the subject matter and another example of his avoiding “any deep analysis” approach to 911 TV Fakery.
Prognosis
Webfairy hasn’t helped Holmgren by supplying him with a misleading video source for the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article. Webfairy does this kind of thing with monotonous regularity, that is, using inferior versions of a video for the purpose of analysis when there are better versions readily available. By their very nature these lower quality videos allow the analysis to be subjective and therefore worthless because the analyst can essentially see what they want to see in the video.
With regards to the suspicious procurement of the inferior video captures, I suspect that Webfairy took an original NTSC video source and hacked it to pieces using a video editing application like VirtualDub. The resulting chop job would be dished up at a later date for the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” paper. The purpose was apparently to make Holmgren look like an idiot. It worked. In my view this was “disinformation by proxy”. As for the origins of this chopped up version I could not say. Perhaps she got it from “Peter Pan” or a pixie that flew by her window one night.
On a positive note Holmgren did manage to get the correct speed from Webfairy’s mangled version but sadly this was more by chance than anything else.
For the “Park Foreman” video proof of forgery does not lie in the understanding of what the video shows. The proof of forgery lies in the pixels and there is plenty of evidence to support forgery using this approach. But Holmgren skilfully misses the opportunity to imply or prove forgery by choosing abstinence from “any deep analysis”, producing a speed calculation without explanation or relevance and avoiding the discussion of impact physics.
It’s hard to tell if Holmgren’s “misdemeanours” were intentional. From past experience it has become apparent that Holmgren has no aptitude for the visual analysis of anything. But he could have avoided being the Patsy (or possibly the Sheila) by looking around for other versions of the video or at least confirming that the version he was using was representative of the original. If he had done this maybe he would have become aware of the suspicious coexistence of what looks like unmodified PAL and NTSC versions of the same video. Neither Holmgren nor Webfairy seem to have noticed this, a point of which strongly indicates video forgery and the sole purpose of the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article.
Did Holmgren collude with Webfairy to produce one the most underwhelming 911 articles to date? Is Holmgren really as dumb and impressionable as “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” makes him out to be? Or is the Holmgren / Webfairy duo just a “Laurel and Hardy” act with delusions of grandeur?
“Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” is too brief and superficial, covers old ground, is propped up by a foundation of assumptions, is written in such a style that it belittles the reader, assumes the reader has a good understanding of science, offers no evidence that proves the video is fake, contains irrelevant information and is generally useless for the purposes of what it claims to prove.
As I see it, “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” is a joint Holmgren / Webfairy effort to “toilet paper” 911 TV Fakery and additionally damage the credibility of other researchers in the same field.
Sources
Holmgren’s “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” can be viewed here:
http://members.iinet.net.au/~holmgren/hiphop.html
Webfairy’s images can be observed here:
http://thewebfairy.com/whatzit/jetcrash/act_one/index.htm
The phenomena of “Toilet Papering” can be scrutinised here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_papering
A “Cheney Hit” video analysis can be seen here
http://www.911research.dsl.pipex.com/ggua175/cheney
A “Jennifer Spell” video analysis can be seen here
http://www.911research.dsl.pipex.com/ggua175/spell
According to NIST (see screen capture below) the name of the person who made the film used in the “Analysis Of Hip Hop Plane” article was Park Foreman.
Disclaimer
The official 911 story, all names and incidents portrayed in the 911 production are entirely fictitious, no identification with actual events, persons, places, buildings and aeroplanes is intended or should be inferred. The names and personalties of “Webfairy” and “Holmgren” are the intellectual property of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Any unauthorised reproduction, exhibition, distribution or copying of the “Webfairy” and “Holmgren” personas or any part thereof is an infringement of the relevant Federal Bureau of Investigation copyright and will subject the infringer to severe civil and criminal penalties. That is all.
Marcus Icke
December 2006
